ETS Psychology Practice Test

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• What type of learning emphasizes the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior?
• Which concept refers to the increased intensity and indiscriminate application of certain needs according to Horney?
• According to Diana Baumrind, which parenting style typically has low control and high warmth?
• What does drive-reduction theory suggest about behavior?
• What illustrates an example of fixed-ratio reinforcement?
• What phenomenon occurs when children begin to generalize internal grammar rules while learning a language?
• What do simple cells in the cortex respond to according to Feature Detection Theory?
• What type of analysis did Hans Eysenck use in developing his personality theory?
• What does absolute threshold refer to in sensory perception?
• Which brain region is crucial for balance and general arousal functions?
• What is an example of a behavior that might occur due to instinctual drift?
• What type of thinking is characterized by generating multiple creative answers to a question?
• Which of the following behaviors does the hypothalamus manage?
• In Lawrence Kohlberg's model, what is the first stage of the pre-conventional phase of morality?
• Who studied baby monkeys to demonstrate the importance of "contact comfort"?
• What is the significance of object permanence in child development?
• What practice involves challenging irrational beliefs according to Albert Ellis?
• What do the phonemes combine to form in the study of semantics?
• What term describes when one hemisphere of the brain communicates with the opposite side of the body?
• During the concrete operational stage, children demonstrate the ability to...
• What is a key focus of Freud's comprehensive theory of personality?
• What concept is associated with Martin and Halverson regarding children's understanding of gender?
• What is the main focus of Bandura's research on observational learning?
• What is the absolute refractory period in the context of neuron firing?
• Who is associated with the development of Feature Detection Theory?
• The ability to distinguish between sounds that convey meaning and those that do not is known as...
• What is the effect of Relative Size in depth perception?
• What functions does the Autonomic Nervous System regulate?
• What distinguishes introversion from extraversion in Carl Jung's theories?
• What is the autokinetic effect?
• What is the primary focus of the final conflict in Erikson's theory?
• What occurs when external justification is minimal in the context of cognitive dissonance?
• What key concept is central to Bandura's social learning theory?
• Simultaneous brightness contrast occurs when:
• What functions does the limbic system primarily support?
• Which components constitute the central nervous system?
• Which system includes sensory and motor neurons?
• Signal detection theory suggests that sensing is influenced by what factors?
• In Freud's theory, what is the term for becoming fixated at a particular psychosexual stage?
• According to Consistency Theory, how do people generally respond to cognitive inconsistencies?
• Who conducted the studies that involved observing behavior change through the BoBo dolls?
• What does the Prisoner's Dilemma investigate?
• What outcome is associated with the mere exposure hypothesis?
• What is the emotional element that constitutes an archetype in Jung's theory?
• Which brain area is crucial for receiving sensory information before processing?
• According to Kurt Lewin's field theory, what is emphasized in personality development?
• Which type of intelligence involves knowledge gained through life experiences?
• In what context would someone be more likely to employ the fundamental attribution error?
• Which term refers to a sign stimulus that triggers social behaviors between animals?
• Encoding specificity suggests that recall is improved when:
• What is the Law of Effect associated with?
• What is one primary role of serotonin in the human body?
• What term does Carl Jung use to describe the shared experiences and memories of humanity?
• In which cognitive stage do children begin to manipulate objects in their environment?
• Which condition is characterized by an impairment in skilled motor movements?
• What is a favorable outcome of the Identity vs. role confusion conflict?
• Which of the following best describes the relationship between short-term and long-term memory?
• Which psychological concept is demonstrated by the foot-in-the-door effect?
• What does the Trichromatic Theory suggest about color perception?
• What term describes the features of a stimulus sufficient to bring about a specific fixed action pattern (FAP)?
• Functional fixedness inhibits problem-solving by:
• What component of language is represented by phonemes?
• What is pluralistic ignorance?
• What concept refers to the idea that animals are predisposed to learn certain associations?
• What was the focus of the Doll Preference Experiment by Clark and Clark in 1947?
• Which brain structure is primarily associated with pleasure centers in the brain?
• What does the Zeigarnik effect refer to?
• What does preferential looking indicate about infants?
• What does Weber's Law describe?
• Who developed the analogy of inoculation in the context of mental persuasion?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the four archetypes identified by Carl Jung?
• What is the primary purpose of psychological inoculation as described in the analogy of inoculation?
• What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?
• What is the highest need in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of human motives?
• In psychophysics, what does the term 'just noticeable difference' specifically refer to?
• What are the three basic types of traits identified by Gordon Allport?
• What conflict is associated with the feeling of stagnation during middle age?
• What defines an allele?
• What does Piaget's principle of adaptation consist of?
• What role does the endocrine system play in the body?
• What is the primary characteristic of groupthink?
• What does the term "Innate Releasing Mechanism" refer to?
• Risk shift in group settings suggests that group decisions tend to be what?
• According to the Law of Similarity, how do objects that are similar tend to be treated?
• What does induced motion refer to?
• What phenomenon describes a state wherein an animal or person learns to accept a negative situation due to perceived lack of control?
• Balance Theory investigates the relationships among which three elements?
• What role does language development play according to Piaget's theories?
• In decision-making, the availability heuristic is often based on which type of information?
• Which of the following is a primary function of the hindbrain?
• According to Reinforcement Theory, behavior is primarily driven by:
• What is the implication of having a low similarity of opinions in Social Comparison Theory?
• The midbrain is primarily responsible for managing what type of reflexes?
• Which term describes a stereotyped sequence of behaviors that do not need to be learned?
• What do the life crises in Erikson's psychosocial theory emphasize?
• What is the purpose of maintenance in memory?
• What do children begin to exhibit after their first year according to Bowlby?
• What characterizes a child with Insecure/Avoidant attachment according to Ainsworth's findings?
• Pragmatics in language refers to...
• What does the diathesis-stress model propose is essential for developing a disorder?
• What is another term for just noticeable difference?
• Which type of reinforcement schedule reinforces behavior after an unpredictable number of responses?
• What is the impact of formal education on crystallized intelligence?
• What theory is associated with Erik Erikson?
• Who is considered the founder of ego psychology, emphasizing the conscious ego?
• According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, when do we become aware of our emotions?
• Fluid intelligence primarily relies on which of the following cognitive processes?
• What does the visual cliff experiment test in infants?
• What did Harlow's studies reveal about monkeys raised solely with wire mothers?
• The Method of Loci is primarily used for which purpose in cognitive studies?
• Which psychological approach primarily involves the conscious aspects of behavior?
• What is the focus of the post-conventional phase in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
• What is the principle behind the Law of Pragnanz?
• In the context of bystander intervention, what is the meaning of 'diffusion of responsibility'?
• What age range does the concrete operational stage cover?
• What is meant by "proximal stimulus" in sensory perception?
• According to social exchange theory, what influences a person's attraction to another?
• What does proprioception allow us to sense?
• Which of the following describes the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
• What type of potential do GABA influences produce?
• How does the Trichromatic Theory explain color blending?
• What is the characteristic of real motion?
• What characterizes partial reinforcement?
• Which part of the brain is associated with complex cognitive and behavioral processes?
• Transduction is best defined as:
• What effect does norepinephrine have on mood?
• Shape constancy allows for perception despite variations in?
• Which of the following best summarizes Fechner's Law?
• What is the first conflict in Erikson's psychosocial theory?
• What is a common effect of depressants at high doses?
• What is the primary function of the peripheral nervous system?
• What does the availability heuristic rely on when making decisions?
• What is an implication of the halo effect in judgment?
• What kind of electrical charge is typically present during resting potential?
• Which aspect of moral reasoning distinguishes the post-conventional phase?
• The result observed in the Doll Preference experiment indicated what about children's perspectives on race?
• Why is fluid intelligence considered crucial in novel situations?
• What does Binocular Parallax refer to in depth perception?
• What is the term used for sublimation of libido according to Freud?
• According to Kohlberg's gender theory, at what age do children typically begin to understand the permanency of their gender?
• What term describes the background against which a figure stands out in visual perception?
• Cognitive Dissonance Theory suggests a change in attitude may occur to:
• Which phenomenon does group polarization describe?
• Which of the following concepts illustrates how language influences thought and perception?
• At what age does the Oral Stage typically occur according to Freudian theory?
• Which of the following best describes aspects of crystallized intelligence?
• What psychological concept suggests that striving towards superiority drives personality?
• Which stage follows polarized in the action potential process?
• Which of the following represents the smallest sound units in language?
• What is a primary characteristic of fluid intelligence compared to crystallized intelligence?
• During which conflict do individuals develop a sense of identity according to Erikson's theory?
• Free-choice dissonance occurs when a person faces:
• Which type of attachment is described as a child being mildly distressed during separations but positively greeting the mother upon her return?
• What does Arnold Gesell's theory imply about child development?
• What essential concept does Piaget's stages of cognitive development emphasize about children's learning?
• What factor did Darley and Latane identify as impacting bystander intervention?
• What is social loafing?
• What does the Robber's Cave Experiment demonstrate about group behavior?
• What best defines sensory memory?
• What is the favorable outcome of the Initiative vs. guilt conflict?
• In what way does bottom-up processing differ from top-down processing?
• What is the primary focus of equity theory in relationships?
• At what age does the conflict of Autonomy vs. shame and doubt occur?
• Which of the following concepts describes the situation when recent information weighs heavily on our impression of someone?
• Which reinforcement schedule involves reinforcement for the first response after a fixed period?
• In the context of personality theories, what are ‘traits’ considered to be in Eysenck's model?
• Which effect describes the phenomenon where words presented at the beginning of a list are remembered second-best?
• What is belief perseverance?
• What is the Whorfian hypothesis primarily concerned with?
• Which of the following best describes the role of cognitive appraisal in the two-factor theory of emotion?
• What does the halo effect suggest about our perception of others?
• Which term refers to shortcuts or rules of thumb used in decision-making?
• What happens in the Sleeper Effect regarding persuasive communication?
• Which researcher is associated with the study of groupthink?
• How does fluid intelligence typically change over a person's lifespan?
• What does the term "physiological zero" refer to in psychological contexts?
• Spreading of alternatives helps to manage dissonance by:
• What does the prison simulation conducted by Zimbardo illustrate about people's behavior?
• How does the vestibular sense apply to human functioning?
• Which of the following colors is NOT one of the primary colors in the Opponent-process theory?
• What is the last stage of Freud's psychosexual development?
• Which aspect of language concerns how words are arranged to create sentences?
• What is the primary emphasis of the mental set concept?
• What behavior is the amygdala primarily associated with?
• What structures are included in the brainstem?
• What phenomenon occurs when two dots flashed on either side of a screen are perceived as one?
• Which of the following best describes how kinesthetic sense works?
• Which of the following theories focuses on the effects of anticipated rewards on behavior?
• Which term refers to sensory neurons that transmit information through sensory pathways?
• Which of the following best describes projection areas in the brain?
• What is a key concept of the two-factor theory of emotion proposed by Schachter and Singer?
• What is the primary responsibility of parents according to John Watson's perspective?
• What effect does GABA have on neural activity?
• What is a main effect of the Overjustification Effect?
• How is phenotype defined in genetics?
• According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion, which path is taken when the issue is important to us?
• What phenomenon occurs when instinctual behaviors override previously learned behaviors?
• What does motion aftereffect describe?
• What cognitive ability emerges in children during the preoperational stage?
• What does semantics focus on?
• Fluid intelligence is primarily associated with which of the following abilities?
• Which neurotransmitter is involved in muscle movement and cognitive functions?
• Which condition is characterized by impairment in memory functions?
• What does Social Psychology primarily study?
• What does psychophysics measure?
• What does the spreading activation model suggest about semantic memory?
• What cognitive process helps in interpreting sensory stimuli for object recognition?
• What do type theorists focus on when categorizing personalities?
• Which term describes the tendency of a child in the preoperational stage to focus on one aspect of a phenomenon?
• What term describes the space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another?
• What term describes the ability to quickly grasp relationships from novel situations and make correct deductions?
• Which visual cue helps us perceive an object as closer when it covers another object?
• According to social learning theory, what can reinforce aggressive behavior?
• What is the primary role of the thalamus?
• In which type of reinforcement is behavior reinforced for the first response after a varying elapsed time since the last response?
• In Erikson's theory, what is the first of the eight conflicts faced in life?
• What does Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device enable infants to do?
• In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, what occurs at the same time?
• Which of the following is NOT a stage of action potential?
• Which of the following describes the assumption of encoding specificity?
• What does bottom-up processing refer to in object perception?
• What concept suggests that animals have mental maps of physical spaces?
• Which group of neurotransmitters includes epinephrine and dopamine?
• At what stage do children begin to "think like a scientist" according to cognitive development theories?
• What does egocentrism in children refer to during the preoperational stage?
• How do neuromodulators differ from traditional neurotransmitters?
• Which color pair in the Opponent-process theory represents opposing colors?
• Which system is primarily responsible for voluntary movements?
• Crystallized intelligence is often measured by assessing which of the following?
• Which psychologist is most associated with the concept of defense mechanisms?
• Which intelligence is typically diminished with age and less experience?
• Shape constancy refers to which of the following?
• Habituation in infants is characterized by which of the following?
• According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, what is the expected impact of very low arousal on performance?
• Which psychological approach opposes the pessimism of psychoanalysis and emphasizes free will?
• What type of reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses?
• Who is credited with proposing the Self-Perception Theory?
• What does the term 'preferential looking' imply about an infant's sensory abilities?
• Which attachment style is characterized by a child who is not distressed when left alone with a stranger?
• What occurs during retroactive inhibition?
• What does lightness constancy imply in terms of perception?
• What does the term "distal stimulus" refer to?
• Which term describes the manifestation of an individual's uniqueness in Adler's theory?
• Which of the following theories emphasizes the existence of unconscious internal states that motivate behavior?
• What is typically required for actual motion perception?
• What is the main function of the hypothalamus?
• Illumination refers to:
• What does the term genotype refer to?
• Which learning concept involves a mental representation of the layout of one's environment?
• What is the model introduced by Albert Bandura that highlights the importance of observation in learning?
• Which parenting style is characterized by high demands for child compliance and high emotional warmth?
• What distinguishes type A personality from type B personality?
• What does Vygotsky's concept of the "zone of proximal development" emphasize?
• Which researcher studied attachment phases in children from institutions and foster homes?
• In which system is acetylcholine an important neurotransmitter?
• Which type of intelligence increases throughout the lifespan due to schooling and experiences?
• Post-decisional dissonance refers to:
• Who is associated with Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
• Where is the terminal button located?
• What is the function of the synapse in neuronal communication?
• What concept refers to the tendency for people to misjudge the reasons behind others' actions?
• At what age do almost all children typically begin to babble?
• In Zajonc's theory, which of the following is commonly observed in the presence of others?
• What term denotes the smallest units of meaning in language?
• In Solomon Asch's line comparison study, what was the main goal?
• What is Forced-compliance dissonance?
• Which psychological effect contributes to the systematic forgetting of information over time?
• Who is credited with the study of proxemics and the ways individuals space themselves in relation to others?
• What does the Law of Proximity suggest about elements that are close to one another?
• What is the first stage of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual development?
• The thalamus's primary function can best be described as:
• What key element does Carl Rogers emphasize in the therapeutic relationship with clients?
• What does the gain-loss hypothesis suggest about personal relationships?
• Which term refers to the cognitive process that connects new information to what is already stored in long-term memory?
• Which psychological theory emphasizes the simultaneous occurrence of body and emotional feelings?
• What is the main effect of using two-sided messages in persuasion?
• Which statement accurately describes habituality in infants?
• What aspect of depth perception does Linear Perspective particularly highlight?
• Which theorist is known for using factor analysis to develop a theory of personality?
• In visual perception, what does the term 'afterimage' refer to?
• Who is associated with the concept of problem solving via trial-and-error learning?
• Complex cells are primarily responsible for which type of information?
• What does the door-in-the-face effect describe?
• What defines an association area in the brain?
• According to Social Comparison Theory, why do individuals compare themselves to others?
• What characterizes two-sided messages in persuasion?
• What is the fundamental attribution error?
• What research method did Mary Ainsworth develop to study attachment relationships?
• What is the purpose of the two-point theory in sensation?
• What does phylogeny refer to in the context of human development?
• Which stage of Erikson's theory is characterized by alienation and avoidance of commitment?
• What is proactive inhibition?
• What does the Reciprocity Hypothesis suggest about interpersonal relationships?
• At what age do infants start to exhibit stranger anxiety according to Bowlby's phases of attachment?
• Which therapy approach do Carl Rogers’ principles closely align with?
• Which of the following structures is NOT part of the limbic system?
• In Beck's cognitive therapy for depression, clients are encouraged to examine what?
• In Freud's psychodynamic theory, which of the following is NOT one of the three major systems of personality?
• How does Kohlberg describe moral reasoning at the law-and-order orientation within the conventional phase?
• What type of memory involves processing impressions from sensory stimuli?
• What does Role Theory emphasize about people's behaviors?
• What happens if sexual trauma is not resolved during childhood, according to Freud?
• What is considered the precursor to language development in children?
• Which conflict occurs during the age range of 6-12 years?
• According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, what is optimal for performance?
• What role do cones play in human vision according to Trichromatic Theory?
• In the context of memory, what does proactive inhibition lead to?
• Which substance facilitates and enhances the action of GABA?
• Who is credited with the concept of Transformational Grammar?
• How is the difference threshold defined?
• What is one primary function of catecholamines?
• What is the main idea behind attribution theory?
• Which style of parenting is known for using punitive control methods and lacking emotional warmth?
• What does the Heinz dilemma test in Kohlberg's theory?
• What is a primary focus of Balance Theory?
• Role Theory highlights the importance of:
• What does deindividuation refer to?
• Which brain region is crucial for learning and memory processes?
• What depth perception cue is based on the overlap of objects?
• What psychological response is often triggered when individuals face frustration?
• Which factor contributes to the development of fluid intelligence?
• How does the diathesis-stress model explain mental disorders?
• According to Reinforcement Theory, what primarily motivates behavior?
• Which function does the amygdala not primarily support?
• Which term describes a class of drugs that increases activity by counteracting fatigue?
• What aspect of language does syntax primarily deal with?
• What is the primary feature of fixed-ratio reinforcement?
• What is referred to as the resting potential in a neuron?
• Which of the following stages is NOT part of Kohlberg's theory of gender stages?
• In the "Instrumental Relativist Stage" of pre-conventional morality, what is the primary motivation behind actions?
• What does agnosia refer to in psychology?
• What conflict arises during the Phallic (Oedipal) Stage?
• Who proposed the concept of internal and external loci of control?
• What role does the reticular formation play within the brain?
• What is the semantic verification task used to investigate?
• What is the primary concept of the gate theory of pain?
• Dopamine is primarily associated with which of the following functions?
• According to the semantic feature-comparison model, how is semantic memory structured?
• Which of the following is NOT an example of crystallized intelligence?
• What is a supernormal stimulus?
• What best describes children in the gender stability stage of Kohlberg's model?
• What physiological component is primarily involved in Trichromatic Theory?
• How did Bandura demonstrate the learning of aggression in children?
• What is the primary function of depressants in the central nervous system?
• What is the representativeness heuristic concerned with?
• In the context of the Elaboration Likelihood Model, what is true about the peripheral route of persuasion?
• What does the base-rate fallacy involve?
• What is the role of the motor cortex?
• At what age do children typically achieve gender labeling according to Kohlberg's stages of gender development?
• Which of the following describes communication between one hemisphere and the same side of the body?
• What is the term for an individual's expectations of the future that motivates their behavior, as proposed by Adler?
• What best characterizes the first items in a list during recall tasks?
• What are the "Four F's" that the hypothalamus is involved in managing?
• Which depth perception cue involves the convergence of parallel lines?
• What are superordinate goals in the context of intergroup relations?
• Brightness is defined as:
• What is the basic unit of heredity known as?
• When a child exhibits significant distress during separation and resists contact upon reunion, which type of attachment is this?
• Which part of the brain is involved in executive functions?
• What do schemata represent in cognitive psychology?
• During which developmental stage do children typically experience the Intimacy vs. isolation conflict?
• In language development, phonology refers to...
• Which sense is primarily involved with balance and spatial orientation?
• What does response bias refer to?
• Which effect relates to the importance of the first impression over subsequent ones?
• What is the function of chromosomes in genetics?
• What was the primary focus of Stanley Milgram's shock experiment?
• What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis propose?
• According to Zajonc's theory, what effect does the presence of others have on an individual?
• What does developmental psychology focus on?
• What is the primary action of amphetamines?
• Which aspect is crucial to the semantic feature-comparison model?
• Which cognitive development stage involves the development of reflexive behaviors?
• What does the concept of size constancy enable us to perceive?
• What happens to the neuron during the relative refractory period?
• Which concept refers to the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences?
• What is meant by 'figure' in figure-ground perception?
• What does a high level of reinforcement correlate with in terms of behavioral responses?
• What is one function of endorphins in the body?
• In top-down processing, how does perception primarily operate?
• Which technique involves associating information with a familiar sequence of places?
• What method involves reinforcing the desired response while extinguishing others?
• Lateral inhibition serves the purpose of:
• What primarily governs the perception in the autokinetic effect?
• What is the attractiveness stereotype?
• Which of the following substances is categorized as a behavioral stimulant?
• What does the recency effect describe in memory recall?
• What is aphasia?
• What key function does the hippocampus play in cognitive processes?
• At what stage of life does crystallized intelligence typically peak?
• What does risk shift refer to in a group decision-making context?
• What is the kinesthetic sense concerned with?
• According to Karen Horney, what is a significant factor that governs neurotic personality?
• Color constancy helps perceive an object as:
• Which of the following correctly describes color constancy?
• Elaborative rehearsal involves which of the following?
• Which principle does the base-rate fallacy highlight?
• Which of the following best describes lightness constancy?
• What type of gender behavior do children begin to concentrate on according to gender schema theory?
• Which physiological aspect is involved in measuring absolute threshold?
• What kind of grouping does the Law of Similarity explain in perception?
• What is the state of a neuron referred to when it has a net negative charge?
• What type of neurons are responsible for transmitting information through efferent fibers?
• What does the concept of 'social influence' refer to in bystander situations?
• What is the primary function of hypercomplex cells in the visual cortex?
• What is defined as the process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schema?
• What does the need complementarity theory state about relationships?
• What is the function of antidepressants?